1. Update Python On Mac
2. How To Find Python Library On Mac
3. Update Python Mac Terminal

Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>

Python on a Macintosh running Mac OS X is in principle very similar to Python onany other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such asthe IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.

Pyvenv is the standard tool for creating virtual environments, and has been part of Python since Python 3.3. Starting with Python 3.4, it defaults to installing pip into all created virtual environments; virtualenv is a third party alternative (and predecessor) to pyvenv.

The Mac-specific modules are documented in Mac OS X specific services.

1. Keeping python 3 up to date on a mac. Ask Question Asked 4 years, 7 months ago. As an example I can tell you what happens with R on OS X: you get a GUI in /Application and stuff in /Library/Frameworks. On upgrade the GUI is upgraded and the new framework is placed in the /Library/Frameworks directory, side by side with the old (there is a.
2. To install SQL driver for Python. You can connect to a SQL Database using Python on Windows, Linux, or Mac. Getting Started. There are several python SQL drivers available. However, Microsoft places its testing efforts and its confidence in pyodbc driver. Choose a driver, and configure your development environment accordingly: Python SQL driver.
3. The dynamically linking occurs when tkinter (Python 3) or Tkinter (Python 2) is first imported (specifically, the internal tkinter C extension module). By default, the macOS dynamic linker looks first in /Library/Frameworks for Tcl and Tk frameworks with the proper major version. This is the standard location for third-party or built from.
4. Learning to code is hugely popular at the moment, and Python is a great coding language to learn. Luckily for us, the Mac is a great coding platform, and Python makes it easy to learn how to code.
5. Jun 13, 2018  Python is a popular programming language that is widely used by beginners and longtime developers alike. Modern Mac OS versions come with Python 2.7.x installed (or Python 2.6.1 if an older Mac OS X version), but many Python users may need to update Python in Mac OS to a newer version like Python 3.8.x or newer.

Python on Mac OS 9 or earlier can be quite different from Python on Unix orWindows, but is beyond the scope of this manual, as that platform is no longersupported, starting with Python 2.4. See http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython forinstallers for the latest 2.3 release for Mac OS 9 and related documentation.

4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython¶

Mac OS X 10.8 comes with Python 2.7 pre-installed by Apple. If you wish, youare invited to install the most recent version of Python from the Python website(https://www.python.org). A current “universal binary” build of Python, whichruns natively on the Mac’s new Intel and legacy PPC CPU’s, is available there.

What you get after installing is a number of things:

• A MacPython2.7 folder in your Applications folder. In hereyou find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of officialPython distributions; PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Pythonscripts from the Finder; and the “Build Applet” tool, which allows you topackage Python scripts as standalone applications on your system.

• A framework /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework, which includes thePython executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shellpath. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply remove these three things. Asymlink to the Python executable is placed in /usr/local/bin/.

The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework and /usr/bin/python,respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they areApple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember thatif you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will havetwo different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it willbe important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.

IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If youare completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introductionin that document.

If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should read thesection on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.

4.1.1. How to run a Python script¶

Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the IDLEintegrated development environment, see section The IDE and use the Help menuwhen the IDE is running.

If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or fromthe Finder you first need an editor to create your script. Mac OS X comes with anumber of standard Unix command line editors, vim andemacs among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,BBEdit or TextWrangler from Bare Bones Software (seehttp://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as isTextMate (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors includeGvim (http://macvim.org) and Aquamacs(http://aquamacs.org/).

To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that/usr/local/bin is in your shell search path.

To run your script from the Finder you have two options:

• Drag it to PythonLauncher

• Select PythonLauncher as the default application to open yourscript (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and double-click it.PythonLauncher has various preferences to control how your script islaunched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or useits Preferences menu to change things globally.

4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI¶

With older versions of Python, there is one Mac OS X quirk that you need to beaware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words,anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way. Use pythonwinstead of python to start such scripts.

With Python 2.7, you can use either python or pythonw.

4.1.3. Configuration¶

Python on OS X honors all standard Unix environment variables such asPYTHONPATH, but setting these variables for programs started from theFinder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your .profile or.cshrc at startup. You need to create a file~/.MacOSX/environment.plist. See Apple’s Technical Document QA1067 fordetails.

For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see sectionInstalling Additional Python Packages.

4.2. The IDE¶

MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A goodintroduction to using IDLE can be found athttps://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html.

4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages¶

There are several methods to install additional Python packages:

• Packages can be installed via the standard Python distutils mode (pythonsetup.pyinstall).

• Many packages can also be installed via the setuptools extensionor pip wrapper, see https://pip.pypa.io/.

4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac¶

There are several options for building GUI applications on the Mac with Python.

PyObjC is a Python binding to Apple’s Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which isthe foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC isavailable from https://pythonhosted.org/pyobjc/.

The standard Python GUI toolkit is Tkinter, based on the cross-platformTk toolkit (https://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OSX by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed fromhttps://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.

wxPython is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively onMac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from http://www.wxpython.org.

PyQt is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on MacOS X. More information can be found athttps://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro.

4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac¶

The “Build Applet” tool that is placed in the MacPython 2.7 folder is fine forpackaging small Python scripts on your own machine to run as a standard Macapplication. This tool, however, is not robust enough to distribute Pythonapplications to other users.

The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the Mac ispy2app. More information on installing and using py2app can be foundat http://undefined.org/python/#py2app.

4.6. Other Resources¶

The MacPython mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users anddevelopers on the Mac:

Another useful resource is the MacPython wiki:

Source code:Lib/hashlib.py

This module implements a common interface to many different secure hash andmessage digest algorithms. Included are the FIPS secure hash algorithms SHA1,SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, and SHA512 (defined in FIPS 180-2) as well as RSA’s MD5algorithm (defined in Internet RFC 1321). The terms secure hash and messagedigest are interchangeable. Older algorithms were called message digests. Themodern term is secure hash.

Note

If you want the adler32 or crc32 hash functions, they are available inthe zlib module.

Warning

Some algorithms have known hash collision weaknesses, refer to the “Seealso” section at the end.

There is one constructor method named for each type of hash. All returna hash object with the same simple interface. For example: use sha1() tocreate a SHA1 hash object. You can now feed this object with arbitrary stringsusing the update() method. At any point you can ask it for thedigest of the concatenation of the strings fed to it so far using thedigest() or hexdigest() methods.

Constructors for hash algorithms that are always present in this module aremd5(), sha1(), sha224(), sha256(), sha384(), andsha512(). Additional algorithms may also be available depending upon theOpenSSL library that Python uses on your platform.

For example, to obtain the digest of the string 'Nobodyinspectsthespammishrepetition':

More condensed:

A generic new() constructor that takes the string name of the desiredalgorithm as its first parameter also exists to allow access to the above listedhashes as well as any other algorithms that your OpenSSL library may offer. Thenamed constructors are much faster than new() and should be preferred.

Using new() with an algorithm provided by OpenSSL:

This module provides the following constant attribute:

A tuple providing the names of the hash algorithms guaranteed to besupported by this module.

New in version 2.7.

A set containing the names of the hash algorithms guaranteed to be supportedby this module on all platforms.

Update Python On Mac

A set containing the names of the hash algorithms that are available in therunning Python interpreter. These names will be recognized when passed tonew(). algorithms_guaranteed will always be a subset. Thesame algorithm may appear multiple times in this set under different names(thanks to OpenSSL).

New in version 2.7.9.

The following values are provided as constant attributes of the hash objectsreturned by the constructors:

The size of the resulting hash in bytes.

The internal block size of the hash algorithm in bytes.

A hash object has the following methods:

How To Find Python Library On Mac

Update the hash object with the string arg. Repeated calls are equivalent toa single call with the concatenation of all the arguments: m.update(a);m.update(b) is equivalent to m.update(a+b).

Changed in version 2.7: The Python GIL is released to allow other threads to run whilehash updates on data larger than 2048 bytes is taking place whenusing hash algorithms supplied by OpenSSL.

Return the digest of the strings passed to the update() method so far.This is a string of digest_size bytes which may contain non-ASCIIcharacters, including null bytes.

Like digest() except the digest is returned as a string of double length,containing only hexadecimal digits. This may be used to exchange the valuesafely in email or other non-binary environments.

Return a copy (“clone”) of the hash object. This can be used to efficientlycompute the digests of strings that share a common initial substring.

14.1.1. Key derivation¶

Key derivation and key stretching algorithms are designed for secure passwordhashing. Naive algorithms such as sha1(password) are not resistant againstbrute-force attacks. A good password hashing function must be tunable, slow, andinclude a salt.

The function provides PKCS#5 password-based key derivation function 2. Ituses HMAC as pseudorandom function.

The string name is the desired name of the hash digest algorithm forHMAC, e.g. ‘sha1’ or ‘sha256’. password and salt are interpreted asbuffers of bytes. Applications and libraries should limit password toa sensible value (e.g. 1024). salt should be about 16 or more bytes froma proper source, e.g. os.urandom().

The number of rounds should be chosen based on the hash algorithm andcomputing power. As of 2013, at least 100,000 rounds of SHA-256 is suggested.

dklen is the length of the derived key. If dklen is None then thedigest size of the hash algorithm name is used, e.g. 64 for SHA-512.

New in version 2.7.8.

Note

A fast implementation of pbkdf2_hmac is available with OpenSSL. ThePython implementation uses an inline version of hmac. It is aboutthree times slower and doesn’t release the GIL.

See also

A module to generate message authentication codes using hashes.

Another way to encode binary hashes for non-binary environments.

The FIPS 180-2 publication on Secure Hash Algorithms.

Update Python Mac Terminal

Wikipedia article with information on which algorithms have known issues andwhat that means regarding their use.